Touch Screen Alarm Clock Marketing Plan

Touch Screen alarum quantify Marketing political programThe latest technological gadgets read gained immense popularity in the last few years and the nodes atomic number 18 eager to try out new crossroads and swear outs. Considering the increase demand of touch class warning signal clock as identify by Brandon (2010), our follow go a dash be introducing this product in the grocery store and pass on ensure that it successfully seemlys the requirements of any customer by charging commonsensical price for the product range.Market Research findingsSince the business environment is proper fierce and competitive, it has become lively for the companies to carry out a grocery store research before launching the product in the market (Ranjhita, 2011). With the serve well of the research, it was found that touch screen alarm clock has huge emf for the new entrants and entry barriers are relatively low (Cako, 2005). In US, any top ranked brand is offering its products b ut in that respect are some areas where mountain have limited access to these clocks.The three areas set by our lodge are Ohio, Florida and California the geographic segmentation has been do to get a clear picture of the type of customers that the company provide be targeting. From the analysis of the research findings, it is decided that the brand name exit be conduct Alarm measure and it result comprise of 2 models on the basis of features. One model pass on be naive with less features and separate will be with complicated and extremely luxuriously technical foul features. The former(a) aspects of the marketing plan are debateed below in detail.Target MarketIn order to reach the right market, it is pregnant that the target market is decided beforehand which will ensure that there will be certain number of consumers who would be willing to bargain for the product (Flink, 2011). The target market of this new touch screen Alarm quantify is as noticesGender Male an d FemaleAge 8 years and aboveIncome $30,000 and aboveLifestyle Depending on the life wheel around peak young children and adults are fun-loving, adventurous and technologically savvy. Older people i.e. 40 years and above prefer to have simple technical gadgets with easy to understand features.Occupation Depends on the life cycle stage but would mainly comprise of students, part-time or full-time apply people, professionals and housewivesPositioning StatementSince every brand is come aparted with the aim of creating classifiable image in the market, its positioning needs to be accurately through so that the customers are communicated the heart bewitchly (Ferrell Heartline, 2008). The positioning statement of stock Alarm Clock is to be the number unrivalled touch screen alarm clock with simplistic features, durable quality and advanced actalities that will allow the users to carry the gadget everywhere easily and with utmost ease. reaping offeringsInitially, there will be tw o models launched in the market to meet the demands of the touch screen alarm clock market. Every customer is feel for affordable touch screen alarm clocks, so the company will introduce two models unmatchable will be priced for economical customers and other will be priced for brand conscious and high quality product customers. The two types of product offerings with their descriptions are given belowSimple Express Alarm Clock This product will be used but for alarm setting purposes. It will be performing only this function and maximum five alarms bear be easily set in this clock. The main target for this clock is older people who are aspect for touch screen alarm clocks with easy to use features so that they stern use the gadget without difficulty. lead Express Alarm Clock This model will have all the features that the customers are looking for in such(prenominal) alarm clocks. The design of the model has been done with perfection so that the customers love its style and d esign and get attracted to the product at once. The frightening features of the clock are MP3 player, Built-in FM radio and Wi-Fi on with alarm clock setting.Pricing StrategyAs there are so many competitors in the touch screen alarm clock exertion such as Sony, Apple, Sharp, Timex, Android, Westclox and many more, it is important that the pricing strategy is selected in accordance with the competitors. As the company is new in the market, it should either follow competitive pricing or cost plus pricing (Ernst, Hoyer Rbsaamen, 2010).Both of the models will follow competitive pricing so that the customers gage easily compare the product features and all other aspects and ensure that they obtain adequate buy decision. The price of Simple Express Alarm Clock will be $10 and LED Express Alarm Clock will be $25. Simple Express Alarm Clock will be procurable in Black, Blue and Green colors and LED Express Alarm Clock will be available in Blue, Red and Black colors.Distribution Strat egyThe distribution strategy is one of the key components of the complete marketing plan as the only way to reach the target market is to choose compatible distribution locations (Sikdar VEL, 2010). The products of the company will be available in two places to ensure that every customer has easy access to them. First of all, the products will be available at the consumer shopping centers and retail stores such as Wal-Mart, Target, Costco and many more.The other distribution network that will be used is the companys website. Any customer who is looking for the touch screen alarm clock online will have to just visit our site, review dissimilar options available for them and make water final exam decision after carefully evaluating all options offered by the company. However, the distribution will be done only in Ohio, Florida and California. After success of the products, the company might expand into other regions after carefully complying the markets. procession StrategyThe pro motional strategy will ensure that the desired message is communicated to the target audience with accuracy so that the sales level can be successfully achieved (Flink, 2011). The foremost aim of the promotion strategy is to pee awareness somewhat the companys presence in the market and it will make use of complementary mediums so that the customers can develop an association with the brand.Initially, the advert mediums that will be used are Television Commercials, advertisements in newspapers and billboards along with flyers, posters and advertisements in the leading magazines. Similarly, a trade show will be organized on the commercial street so that it can gain awareness about its presence in the market. In order to be present on Internet, the stores website will be unquestionable and all info about the company will be provided on the site.As the latest trend in the market is of friendly media marketing, our company will develop a webpage on social networking sites such as Facebook, MySpace, LinkedIn and Orkut so that the customers can start talking about the products on our community page. There are various discussion forums as well where people gather and discuss about the products and services of different companies and give their viewpoints about them as well. The social media will be beneficial for our company as it will upraise our online presence and increase the sales amount at an accelerating rate (Weber, 2007).In order to attract our customers, we will offer various attractive packages such as discount packages, gifts for purchasing products of more than $100, arrange contests to distribute various prizes to the customers and give special offers to the loyal customers. We will introduce loyalty separate for our customers who will keep on purchasing new products that are launched by our company on continuous basis.The marketing efforts of the company will be reviewed monthly as the technological advancements take place on an on-going basi s and new products are introduced quickly as well. The initial book of facts of evaluation for the company will be the difference in the estimated and echt sales of the product (Ferrell Heartline, 2008). On the website, the customers will be allowed to give their feedback about the product features and the existing customers will be asked to participate in the survey of the touch screen alarm clocks.Sales and Service StrategyAs the touch screen alarm clocks will be developed with latest technology and will have new and unique features, it is vital for our company to have an effective after sales and customer service strategy. With the help of this strategy, we will have a well-trained and competent sales thrust who will ensure that each customers complaints are properly handled and they are provided flashing solutions to their problems.After selling the products to our customers, our sales representatives will call them after one month of purchasing to get their feedback about the products. With the help of this survey, we will be able to monitor the performance of our products and it will ensure that we take appropriate step in case of any problems so that the customers are projected of their worries. In order to make sure that each of our customers is satisfied with his/her purchasing decision, we will offer one year warranty card and will entertain our customers aptly so that they become our loyal customers.

Impact of Carbon Fees on Mobility of Passengers

Impact of Carbon Fees on Mobility of passengersChanges in the mobility pattern of air passengers ascribable to the establishment of a CARBON FEEOther titlesEstimating air croak demand under the implementation of an emission trading escapePassenger air trip out demand and light speed emission fee encounter assessmentThe effect of environmental policies on consumers preferences for air travelHow could environmental policies change air travel pattern in US?GMM estimation of a supply-and-demand moulding for air travel and the effects of the introduction of a speed of light fee (for the journal)Incorporating a cytosine trading scheme in supply-and-demand model for air travelTitlos TRB AIR TRAVEL quest IN U.S. THE EFFECTS OF A CARBON EMISSIONS FEEIoanna PagoniVoula Psaraki-KalouptsidiAviation environmental policies aim to mitigate emissions generated from air transportation through the use of insurance policy tools. These may include Regulatory Measures, such(prenominal) as a ircraft emissions/noise assay-mark standards, Technology/Operational Measures, such as improvements in engine and aircraft applied science and Market- found Measures which include emissions trading, emissions charges and taxes and emissions offsetting.A wide range of market-based measures are currently utilize in aviation sector. Within these measures, a determine is set on the non-priced emissions in order to account for the negative environmental externality of aviation. The grasp is to create incentives for aviation stakeholders to implement fuel-efficient techniques to reduce aircraft emissions. The result is an extra make up to the flight paths which may in-turn be reflected in the shred price in chance the air passages decide to pass-through this cost to the passengers.The most known market-based measure for aviation is the European Emissions Trading Scheme (EU-ETS) which was launched in 2012 and initially planned to cover every fledge landing in or departing from t he EU, regardless of where the operator is stopd. by and by serious international opposition, mainly by American and Canadian airlines, and in expectation of a global market-based mechanism, EU proposed that only emissions from the proportion of the flight within EU territory are to be charged until 2016.In this context, several U.S. and Canadian airlines have already taken action. Delta, Air Canada and united have introduced a voluntary coulomb offsetting program, where the passengers can offset the coulomb dioxide (CO2) emissions resulting from their travel by making charitable contributions to several environmental projects, such as afforest conservation and renewable energy. Based on the get togethers on-line carbon calculator, a passenger travelling from modern York (JFK) to San Francisco (SFO) would pay a carbon offset cost of $12.59 to support forest conservation in California. Furthermore, major U.S. airlines, including Delta, United and American Airlines introduced a $3 surcharge per passenger for European flights so as to cope with the EU-ETS. prompt by these actions, this paper identifies room to research the implementation of a carbon fee on U.S. airlines. Such a policy may invite many aspects of the aviation system, including fine prices and demand. Various studies have examined the impact of environmental policies on air travel. However, most of these studies use price elasticities of demand based on previous studies. This paper contributes to the existing literature by incorporating the carbon emissions cost into a structural model with a discrete prize modeling for consumers demand and an airline supply side to investigate the impacts on airlines market share and their competition strategies after the introduction of a carbon fee in United States. Airlines offer divergentiated products (airline-route specific) in distributively market (O-D city pairs) and the passengers choose to buy one product or take the outside option of not bu ying (not flying). In each market, prices and product shares are determined in Bertrand-Nash counterpoise. The carbon fee is and so included in the model as it is believed that it will affect cost, prices and demand. contract specification plays a critical role when examining policy measures. We project a two-level Nested Logit (NL) model for air travel demand using aggregate Origin-Destination data. We incorporate a NL model, instead of a multinomial logit (MNL) in order to suppress correlations among airline products and contrastingiate them from other travel modes (rail, car etc). This feature helps cut across the limitation of the Independence from Irrelevant Alternatives (IIA) property of MNL that may lead to unseasonable elasticities and choice probabilities.For the supply side, we establish the airlines profit employment which is equal to the airlines revenues from ticket sales minus the airlines costs. We assume that airlines conduct differentiated Nash competition to determine ticket prices. It is noted that after the implementation of the carbon fee, the airlines costs include the carbon cost which depends on the unit carbon price (per tn CO2) and the amount of emitted CO2.Overall the model is solved in two locomote first, we estimate the model to find the determinants of travelers and airlines behavior. Several variables were included in the demand (such as ticket price, frequency, delays, airline dummies etc ) and cost equations (such as distance, number of connections etc). Other variables that have not been examined by previous papers are similarly included in the model and are found to be statistically significant. The model is jointly estimated by the Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) to correct for bias caused by the endogenous variables of ticket price and market shares. Next, we modify the airlines costs by introducing the carbon cost and simulate changes in the equilibrium behavior of players.To estimate the model we use publicly available data provided by the U.S. incision of Transportation. A variety of databases are merged to construct our sample for estimation the Airline Origin and Destination Survey (DB1B), the T-100 Domestic Segment for U.S. Carriers and the On-Time surgical process database. The analysis is conducted on market level (Origin-Destination city pairs) where routes provided by different airlines (unique combination of Origin-Connecting-Destination airports and airline) compete with each other. One important part of this fetch is the computation of CO2 emissions. The computation is done flight-by-flight using fuel swerve data from ICAO Engine Exhaust Emissions Databank and EUROCONTROLs Base of Aircraft Data. The results are presented for different markets so as to identify the impact of the various degrees of competitiveness in the marketplace (monopoly, oligopoly etc) on the examined carbon policy.The results indicate that price adjustment is a reactive measure as it is intended to e liminate the impact of the carbon fee on airline costs. Across different markets, the effects vary, depending on the size and number of firms serving the market and the prevailing ticket prices. It is also found that the implementation of a carbon fee will be effective only if the market carbon price reaches a sufficiently high level to create incentives for airlines to invest in abatement measures and thereof reduce carbon emissions.Keywords discrete choice, nested logit, generalized method of moments, carbon fee, Nash equilibrium

Analysis On Bharati Mukherjee English Literature Essay

Analysis On Bharati Mukherjee English Literature EssayIn turn, Mukherjee lays state to an the articulates that is both constantly transforming, and transformed by, the in the raw immigrant. As the title of her short stories collection The Middle Man and new(prenominal) Stories (1988) suggests, tout ensemble(prenominal) protagonist from a diametric part of the valet functions as a mediator of cultures, negotiating the two-way transformation (Mukherjee, AUP 141) of either an extradite or immigrant agree in the States. That the collection won the National Book Critics Circle face undeniably affirms the appeal of much(prenominal) a Maximalist narrative strategy profession to give an equal voice to separately immigrant group. On further analysis, however, it is crap that Mukherjees representation of a swimming the Statesn (trans)national identity influenced by innovation is eventually predicated on the foregrounding of going aways. De venom Mukherjees call for the State s to go beyond multiculturalism in its treatment of new immigrants, her sustain postcolonial immigrant subjectivity-inevitably shaped by her elite British and the Statesn educational sternground-remains aligned with white hegemony, which continues to hierarchize its immigrants on the bases of ethnicity, class and g repealer. subsequently all, Mukherjee specifically reveals in Jasmine that educated muckle ar fire in difference (33). Keeping Mukherjees explicitly stated literary order of businesss in mind, this chapter testament attempt to examine the ironies in Mukherjees postcolonial subjectivity in the impudent Jasmine and the two short stories A Wifes Story and The Tenant, both from The Middleman and opposite Stories collection.Radical alterity of IndiaFrom the vantage percentage point of a made female understanding in America, Mukherjee disavows India precisely because its repressive patriarchy severely limits womens opportunities in liveness, to that extent as the sanctity of womens lives is largely disregarded and constantly endangered. However, feudal residence was precisely what still kept India an unhealthy and backward nation (Mukherjee, Jasmine 77). This necessitates that Mukherjees heroines break the ne out-of-the-way(prenominal)ious cycle of macrocosm locked into arranged marriages that technically seal their fates with violent subjugation. In Mukherjees short fiction The Tenant, Mayas claim that all Indian men are married woman beaters (99) may be an exaggeration, simply the to a greater extent than disturbing revelation is that the grooms nonplus was absolute tyrant of the househ emeritus (Mukherjee, Jasmine 147) in India. Indeed, generations of Indian women rent overly been physically abusing female subordinates deemed to entertain transgressed elderly norms.Yet, when meted out to any woman who defends or is interested in the pur fit out of an education, such domestic vehemence is clearly a violation of basic mil itary personnel rights, un exceptified to an America that champions the inalienable rights of every individual to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. In Jasmine, Jyotis mother suffers strikes from her economise because she supports Jyotis aspiration to continue her studies and become a doctor. In the short story A Wifes Story, Pannas mother is beaten by her illiterate mother-in-law because she enrolled in french class at the Alliance Franaise. The f process that heretofore these Brahmin wives are non spared the rod underscores that physical furiousness against women cuts crosswise the entire secernate system, denying all women personal and nonrecreational progress. These scenarios emphatically portray the radical alterity of India, up to forthwith as it becomes utterly incomprehensible to Americans who privilege individualism and gender egalitarianism. align with these values, Mukherjee attempts to consolidate her status approval from the American market by stanc e herself not as an advantaged insider of Asiatic culture but as similarly disadvantaged as her Anglo readers in finding that Asian component bizarre, distasteful, and awkward to comprehend (Shirley Lim, AG 161) as well. As Mukherjee reveals, it is necessary to give Jasmine a society that was so regressive, traditional, so caste-bound, genderist, that she could discard it (IMC 19) in exchange for a rebirth in America. In exposing the oppression inherent in Indias patriarchal structure, Mukherjee situates her decolonizing propensity as one that embraces emancipation in America, a record that seemingly affords women endless opportunities to attain self-actualization.Beyond pervasive domestic violence, even sectarian violence in post-independence India is targeted at women at some levels. In Jasmine, the Khalsa Lions are a Sikh fundamentalist group that conflates political and spectral agendas to appoint terrorist attacks against its detractors. Because Prakash does not conceive that the sovereignty of modern India should be jeopardized by religious differences, and because Jasmine is deemed whorish (Mukherjee, Jasmine 65) for being Prakashs modern Hindi wife, they both become victims of the Khalsa Lions bombing. The close of Prakash, a progressive Indian man who serves as Mukherjees mouthpiece for rejecting feudalism, is home runificant. It convinces Jasmine that in that location is nothing else redeeming about strife-ridden and regressive India, and that her only alternative is to go alone to America, without job, husband, or papers (Mukherjee, Jasmine 97) to complete Prakashs mission. Jasmines conception of this mission is to commit sati, the traditional but now illegal Hindu ritual of widow woman self-immolation, at the Florida International Institute of Technology where Prakash had earned a gear up to study. However, Gurleen Grewal points out that despite Jasmines apparent antipathy toward Indian cultural life, her committedness to the extreme p ractice of sati ironically suggests otherwise (Born Again American 189). This contradiction in terms is unfathomable even to Indian readers, let alone American ones. After all, Prakashs respectful and relatively egalitarian treatment of Jasmine does not necessitate that she ingest such a violent sacrifice. This calls into pick upion Mukherjees purpose for narrativizing Jasmines single-minded adjudicate to commit sati and make America the place she had chosen to die, on the branch day if possible (Jasmine 120). Compared to mere domestic violence against Indian women, sati symbolizes a classic instance of Orientalism that depicts Indian cultural inscrutability in a more than sensationalistic manner to justify Mukherjees disavowal of the white-haired country. Jasmines intended transplantation of this archaic practice to modern America is then a mighty juxtaposition that exposes the cultural incongruity in her nascent immigrant subjectivity. In order to effectively negotiate t he crossing over from India to America, this incongruity undeniably requires iron out.Violence in AmericaIronically, rape marks Jasmines entry into America, indicating that violence is never far from the thresh aging of the postcolonials reason (Dayal 78) regardless of her physical location. In terms of identity politics, the rapist Half-Face, a Vietnam War veteran, represents a virile America whose aggression toward a feminized Asia presupposes the latters passive submission. Yet, Jasmines incarnation as Kali-a Hindu goddess possessing destructive violence-to murder Half-Face epitomizes the paradigm, as Rita DasGupta Sherma notes, that the female subjects alignment with a flop goddess can serve to subvert conventional power structures (cited in Kafka 94). Importantly, that Jasmine in spades aborts the mission of self-immolation only after she kills Half-Face is Mukherjees narrative strategy to reinforce the want of annihilating disempowering cultural practices associated with t he old country in order to refashion oneself (Jasmine 29) in the new world. With the killing of Half-Face, as Timothy Ruppel argues, Jasmine passes from innocence and enacts a radical break, suggesting a form of resistance that is contingent, disruptive, and strategic (187). Indeed, this violent initiation service has effectively bestowed upon Jasmine an assertive self-agency and self-reliance necessary for excerption in America. Recalling that back in India Jasmine could only beseech the policeman to kill Prakashs murderer, her phenomenal capability to kill the perpetrator of her rape in America is an irrevocable transformation. In the end, Jasmine only executes a symbolic sati, burning the suitcase containing Prakashs suit and her profess white widow sari in the trash bin. The windup of this ritual signifies Jasmines zest of traveling light in America, in spite of its apparent violence, to wholeheartedly attune herself to the speed of transformation, the fluidity of Americ an computer address and the American landscape (Mukherjee, Jasmine 121, 138).American OrientalismAlthough the Orientalism that Edward Said posits does not deal with an Other situated in the westernmost, Yasuko Kase suggests that the Asian American functions as the Other in what she calls American Orientalism (795). Mukherjee likewise portrays her female protagonists as Asian objects (of desire) subjected to the white gaze, although each of them responds to this alienization differently. In A Wifes Story, Panna Patels immediate reaction to the line-Patel women look like theyve just been fucked by a dead cat (26)-in David Mamets play Glengarry Glen Ross is to leave and compile the playwright a letter. With her people and, in particular, her gender made the shtup of a racist joke in America, Panna confronts the ambivalence of her visible nonage statusIts the tyranny of the American dream that scares me. First, you dont exist. then youre invisible. Then youre funny. Then youre disgusting. Insult, my American friends will tell me, is a kind of acceptance. No instant(prenominal) dignity here. A play like this, back home, would cause riots. Communal, racist, and antisocial. The actors wouldnt make it off stage. (Mukherjee, AWS 26)Recognizing that she is an Asian female, Panna understands that American Orientalism manifested in cultural productions, even at its crudest, is best taken with a pinch of salt. In comparison, the violent bigotry expected in India toward such derogatory remarks seems to reflect a tripletsome World barbarism and lack of restraint. Having successfully, albeit only temporarily, broken surplus from the oppressions in India to pursue a doctorate degree in America, Panna assumes that postcolonialism has made her the peer review (Mukherjee, AWS 27) of both worlds because of her transnational mobility. However, to believe that this is an achievement great enough for David Mamet to be a little afraid (Mukherjee, AWS 29) of South Asians in America, instead of being condescending in his Orientalist representation of the latter, is overly delusional on Pannas part. Mukherjee is seemingly being ironic here, but it is perhaps necessary for Panna to dismiss American Orientalism in order to recuperate the dignity of her Indian identity, considering that she is only an expatriate for whom the return to India remains a very real possibility.However, Jasmine, the illegal immigrant in the novel Jasmine, responds to the hegemonic exertion of American Orientalism in a strikingly different manner. To be sure, Yasuko Kase suggests that critics should not be too quick to accuse Asian American writers who appear to accommodate American Orientalism of being unauthentic or selling out (797, 797) without first evaluating how this may be a survival strategy for minority groups. Significantly, Jasmine realizes that Orientalist binaries deployed to stereotype her are assets, rather than liabilities, that facilitate her variety into A merican life Bud courts me because I am alien. I am darkness, mystery, inscrutability. The East plugs me into instant vitality and wisdom (Mukherjee, Jasmine 200). Empowered by her exotic sexuality that successfully mesmerizes the white American male, Jasmine quickly gains entry into the American middle class. Jasmines hostile femininity serves to domesticate racial difference (Bow, betrayal 30) in the Ripplemeyer household, where the wheelchair-bound Bud is physically and emotionally reliant on her, inasmuch as Jasmine astutely panders to Buds desires by facilely switching her role surrounded by caregiver and siren (Mukherjee, Jasmine 36). Indeed, Gurleen Grewal highlights that Jasmine readily complies as the exotic Other because this compliance is her ticket to the American Dream (Born Again American 191). More importantly, however, this compliance entails the conscious silencing of aspects of the old country that unsettle the American.As a quick study (Mukherjee, Jasmine 29) o f the process of assimilation, Jasmine recognizes that America ultimately has the upper hand in deciding what it finds fascinatingly or frighteningly exotic about the Asian female, in turn dictating which fragments of her Indian identity she should discard. While this (re)affirms the hegemony of the metropolitan center in which Jasmine now finds herself, it is also Mukherjees means of asserting unapologetically that any form of lingering entanglement with the old world is tantamount to the immigrants betrayal of America. Effectively, then, Mukherjee strategically resorts to Orientalism to prove how un-Oriental she is (Ma 14) and how the immigrant ought to embrace America wholeheartedly.Just as Bud and Mrs. Ripplemeyer are uncomfortable with Jasmines stories of poverty and sl averess in India, so Jasmine also remains uncritical of Bud presumptuous the white mans burden-originally the Wests rationalization for colonizing and civilizing the backwaters of the East-to save Asia. It is i ronic that Jasmine seems genuinely unaware of Buds Orientalist impulse in adopting Du, a Vietnamese refugee. If Bud symbolizes an American nation whose foreign policy is indicative of its positioning as the current imperium of the world, then his interventionist act clearly enacts the extension of Americas neocolonial grasp to an Asia-as represented by Du-that is in get of social uplift by American shopworns. This is evident from Bud timbre gratified, but not that impressed (Mukherjee, Jasmine 155) when Du exhibits a creative affinity with the American technology made available to him.However, Jasmines idealistic navet leads her to believe that it is extravagant love tugging at Buds conscience to atone (Mukherjee, Jasmine 228) for his comfortable American life that Asia is deprived of. Jasmine romanticizes Buds altruism in part because her tumultuous immigrant fuck makes her invidia the straightforwardness of Buds middle-class life. Nevertheless, Rajini Srikanth is perplexed th at Mukherjee finds it necessary for American writers to probe into the inclementness of global injustices simply because she is complacently confident that American institutions can effectively redress these injustices (211). This idealistic view of America explains why Mukherjee ultimately skirts virtually the political implications of Buds humanitarian deeds, leave Jasmine to celebrate the impacted glories of individual consciousness (Mukherjee, OBAW) instead. Consequently, Mukherjees unquestioning appropriation of (American) Orientalism reveals her complicit alignment with an imperialist attitude that continues to view the West and the East in the Manichean allegory of binaristic oppositions.Further, through deploying the trope of down(p) pang in the old country to accentuate the validity of the Asian immigrants self-actualization in the United States, Mukherjee over-valorizes the recuperative and salvific contemporaneity (Walter Lim 10) of America. In A Wifes Story, Charity Chins uncle is a first-generation Chinese American who escapes the Wuchang Uprising of 1911 into the safety of America. Yet, the ellipses between his initial arrival and his eventual success as a represent store owner in New York can hardly be satisfactorily accounted for by Pannas reductive evaluation that though he doesnt declaim much English, he seems to have done well (Mukherjee, AWS 31). Just as Amy Tan has elided the first-generation Chinese American mothers adaptation in America in the novel The Joy Luck Club, Mukherjee is also silent about the conditions of successful assimilations (Grewal, Indian-American Literature 100) in her portraiture of some Asian immigrants. It seems that Mukherjees idealization of the American Dream supersedes any critical need to examine how the underclass immigrant without the relevant symbolic and cultural capital copes with the hires of America. Similarly, Jasmines explanation that Dus doing well in America because he has ever so trained wi th live ammo, without a net, with no multiple choice in Vietnam (Mukherjee, Jasmine 214) also postulates an assumed cultural superiority that the First World abundance of America is a panacea for Third World deprivations. Yet, Mukherjee fails to address how suffering in the Third World, in effect, transnationally translates into the form of racial discrimination in America. Rather, Jasmines claim that prior suffering must count for something (Mukherjee, Jasmine 32) seems to imply that suffering is a prerequisite for the immigrants civic legitimacy in America. While Rajini Srikanth contends that this is a unplayful and morally untenable position of endorsing discriminatory practices as arite of passage to share in the nations founding ideals (212-3), the trope of abject suffering in the Third World helps Mukherjee ratify the narrative of Asian immigrant desire that America offers salvation and unlimited opportunities for the Third World immigrant seeking liberation.Repudiating natu ralness of CultureIn her short story Two ways to buy the farm in America published in the New York Times in 1996, Mukherjee highlights the crucial difference between herself and her sister Mira. While both of them have lived in America for decades, Miras computer memory of Indian citizenship is a clear sign that she is in America to maintain an identity, not to transform it (Mukherjee, TWBA). Mukherjees quarrel with such resistance toward assimilation finds vivid expression in Jasmine through her portrayal of the Vadhera household, Jasmines initial host family in the Punjabi ghetto of Flushing, Queens. The self-sufficient ethnic enclave constructs an artificially maintain Indianness for the immigrant to comfortably bunker oneself inside nostalgia (Mukherjee, Jasmine 145, 85) in order to safeguard Indian culture. Such conscious alienation illustrates a coping strategy to abate the underlying difficulty of immigrant life in ethnic ghettoes that Mukherjee, however, chooses to overl ook in favor of foregrounding Jasmines transformations in America. Significantly, the revelation that Devinder Vadhera, once Prakashs professor in India, now depends on the menial labor of sorting imported human hair for a living elicits not sympathy, but shame, from Jasmine. It convinces Jasmine all the more that the green card is her passport to the pursuit of happiness, and that if she remains stuck in this neighborhood, she will be doomed to die from unnamed, unfulfilled wants (Mukherjee, Jasmine 148). Here, the allusion to Betty Friedans 1963 social commentary The womanly Mystique, in which she diagnoses the sense of emptiness and entrapment felt by suburban housewives across postwar America as the problem that has no name (20), is clear. By conflating Jasmines underclass predicament with that of middle-class American women, Mukherjee seems to suggest that Jasmine, at this point just a newly arrived illegal immigrant, possesses the same sensibility that stands her in good stead to achieve the kind of liberation that her American sisters have enjoyed since the success of the womens movement. Jasmines decision to leave the Vadheras conveniently eschews any serious debunk of the American Dream, which discriminates on the basis of social class. Jasmines dramatic elevation from a village girl to a professional (Mukherjee, Jasmine 175) caregiver is unquestioningly renowned as the miracle of the American Dream. In stark contrast, Mukherjees representation of the Vadheras bears no sympathetic critique of the grim reality of deprofessionalization plaguing many South Asian immigrants, whose professional credentials acquired back home are either not transmutable to or devaluated in the American context. Instead, Mukherjees disavowal of India is fleshed out equally, if not more strongly through her dismal portrayal of the Vadheras as cowardly Indian immigrants resistant to change. Effectively, then, the Vadheras are scapegoats for Mukherjee to emphasize that hono rable survival requires resilience, curiosity, and compassion, a let go of rigid ideas about the faithfulness of inherited culture (BM 456), harkening back to her conviction that immigrants ought to embrace their American identity.On the other hand, living on the cutting edge of suburbia (103) but similarly bunkered inside nostalgia are the Chatterjis in Mukherjees short story The Tenant. Immune to the deprofessionalization which debases Devinda Vadheras American life, Rab Chatterji is a natural philosophy professor while his wifes nephew Poltoo is a postgraduate student at Iowa State University. Their personal success makes them Americas model minority from which other lesser minority groups are expected to learn, but Grewal points out that among the insidious effects of this say-so are the stereotyping of an Asian character (Indian-American Literature 98) that, I posit, does not extend beyond the Asian immigrants economic value, or the lack thereof, to America. The caprice of model minority already presupposes the hyphenated identity of the Indian immigrant, even if s/he is already a naturalized American. This clearly runs counter to Mukherjees identification of herself as an American without hyphens (Mukherjee, BM 460).For this reason, Mukherjee satirically exposes all the Chatterjis Indian traits that make them undeserving American citizens. Mukherjee first repudiates Dr. Chatterji, who only wants to live and work in America but give back nothing except taxes (Mukherjee, TT 106). Dr. Chatterjis valorization of Indian mensuration Time and criticism of Americans constant race against time further exemplifies an false sense of Indian superiority that puts him on a pedestal of three thousand years plus civilization, sophistication, moral virtue, over people natural in America (Mukherjee, TT 102). In line with Mukherjees own distaste for the uneasy meld of antagonistic them and us (Mukherjee, BM 459), Maya, the female protagonist, cannot relate to Dr. C hatterjis ridiculous rhetoric. In turn, the Chatterjis retention of Brahmin demeanor precludes them from embracing American multiculturalism and hybridity at any meaty level. Although they live in a middle-class neighborhood accommodating people of different colors (Mukherjee, TT 103), the only sign of multicultural interaction is Mrs. Chatterji perfunctorily playing ball with a Korean or Cambodian child next door at best. Beyond that, the Chatterjis have neither the open-mindedness nor desire for any more intimate interethnic mingling. That Poltoo is contemplating marriage outside the brahminical pale-to a Negro Muslim (Mukherjee, TT 103, 106) at that-thus threatens to contaminate the purity of the lineage. Mrs. Chatterji is counting on divine intervention to avert this disaster, while leaving the locked-up Poltoo feeling crazy, thwarted, and lost (Mukherjee, TT 105). The perverse repression of Poltoos desires is both antithetical to the American ideal of free will and anachroni stic in the American modernity of progress. Mukherjees representation of how this so-called model minority functions in America thus easily makes the Chatterjis a more dishonorable bunch of Indian immigrants than the Vadheras, at the same time that it makes a highly charged statement of her own rejection of a hyphenated American identity.Beyond MulticulturalismMoving beyond her harsh critique of Indian immigrants who resist assimilation, Mukherjee attempts to consolidate her status as an America writer by strategically expanding the scope of her literary project to wage a crusade against multiculturalism. Rather than encouraging unhyphenated assimilation, multiculturalism, as Mukherjee argues, emphasizes differences between racial heritages (Mukherjee, BM 459) and discounts how the experiences of new Americans from non-traditional immigrant countries (Mukherjee, IW 28) also constantly contribute to the American socio-cultural fabric. The inhalation to create a postethnic America cu lminates in Mukherjees assertionTo reject hyphenization is to demand that the nation deliver the promises of the American Dream and the American Constitution to all its citizens. I want nothing less than to invent a new vocabulary that demands, and obtains, an equitable power-sharing for all members of the American community. (BM 460)There is, first and foremost, no question about Mukherjees representation of the United States as the ultimate end of Asian immigrant desire. Yet, despite Mukherjees high-flown rhetoric of eradicating multiculturalism, her literary representation of immigrants who are not of South Asian origins only further reinforces this hegemonic structure and reaffirms the mankind of an immigrant hierarchy where differences are emphasized and identities are fixed into a static notion of alterity (Ponzanesi 47).This jarring discrepancy is vividly highlighted in Jasmine when Jasmine is quick to set her own Americanization apart from Dus, in spite of their common desi re to assimilate. Jasmine claims that her transformation has been catching Dus was hyphenated (Mukherjee, Jasmine 222), as though this is underpind just because she is pregnant with Bud Ripplemeyers child, whereas Du is hardly an adopted Vietnamese refugee. More importantly, it implies Jasmines identification with the hegemonic Orientalist inclination to be so full of wonder at how fast Du became American, only to marginalize him as a hybrid (Mukherjee, Jasmine 222, 222) whose assimilation into American society can never legitimately be considered full-fledged. As Verhoeven posits, the politics of ethnic representation is ultimately no more and no less than the privileging of the ethnic self over the ethnic other (n. pag.). Given that Mukherjees immigrant subjectivity is inextricably tied to her own elite background as a Brahmin and as an skilful in American academe, it is perhaps inescapable that ethnocentricity also features in her portraying of immigrants who are not from So uth Asia. At the expense of Du, then, Jasmine gets away as a very special case (Mukherjee, Jasmine 135), considering that other characters readily validate her full assimilation. The unqualified relegation of Du to the peripheries as a Vietnamese-American underscores Mukherjees double standard in the treatment of both characters. By simply using the backchat hyphenated (Mukherjee, Jasmine 222) to conclude the formation of Dus American identity and by referring to Chinese Americans as Orientals (Mukherjee, AWS 29) in her short stories, Mukherjee thus posits a system of easily recognisable forms of identity and difference (Roy 129) that precisely reflects and endorses the exclusionary underpinnings of multiculturalism. Indeed, such a position from which Mukherjee entertains the immigrant issues of class and ethnicity renders her quest for an equitable power-sharing for all members of the American community (Mukherjee, BM 460) untenable.Ultimately, then, Mukherjees Maximalist approach toward the immigrant experience in American literature is self-defeating. The difficulty undeniably involved in representing all immigrant groups accurately and authentically makes the credibility of Mukherjees following claim distrustPerhaps it is my history-mandated training in seeing myself as the other that now heaps on me a fluid set of identities denied to most of my mainstream American counterparts. That training, in our ethnic- and gender-fractured world of contemporary fiction, allows me without difficulty to enter lives, fictionally, that are plain not my own. Chameleon-skinned, I discover my material over and across the country, and up and down the social ladder. (IW 29)Albeit apparently inclusionary, Mukherkees Maximalist credo merely inherits the exclusionary connotations (Chanadry 434, 434) of multiculturalism as far as her literary representation of non-South Asian immigrants is concerned. Even with the best of intentions to apprise an alternative model to multicul turalism, Mukherjee, by virtue of her own elite immigrant status, is not exempt from the tendency to reinscribe the minority group immigrant back into the hegemonic rhetoric of difference and otherness.ConclusionFinally, the spotlight is ultimately focused on the individuality of the Indian immigrant in fashioning her own life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness in the free country (Mukherjee, Jasmine 239). The immigrant subjectivity that each female protagonist advantageously adopts is aptly encapsulated by Jasmines declaration I am not choosing between men. I am caught between the promise of America and old-world dutifulness (Mukherjee, Jasmine 240). While Mukherjee justifies the disavowal of the old world by means of the Manichean allegory that juxtaposes India and America in binaristic oppositions, the more important revelation is that the postcolonial immigrant is also free to reject aspects of America exemplifying failed noble-mindedness (Mukherjee, TT 108). If the female immigrants search for a fluid yet empowering American (trans)national identity depends partly on the (white) male with whom she is romantically involved, then wheelchair-bound Bud and armless Fred symbolize a freak (Mukherjee, TT 112) America that must be abandoned as well. Maya is sure that Freds world will not end with her departure, while Jasmine feels potent (Mukherjee, Jasmine 12) in saving(a) Bud by not marrying him. Through this reversal of power, Mukherjee aligns her female protagonists with a sense of hegemonic benevolence toward the inferior. With Jasmine choosing Taylor for his world, its ease, its careless confidence and graceful self-absorption (Mukherjee, Jasmine 171) and Maya choosing Ashoke Mehta for his adoration of idealism and abhorrence of smugness, passivity, caste system (Mukherjee, TT 109, 109), it is evident that Mukherjees literary agenda is ultimately underwritten by her inclination to embrace and valorize an ideal America that is vast of fulfilling the i mmigrants desires.(4682words, excluding subheadings (18))

Policies and legislation affecting Early Years Practitioners

Policies and command affecting Early days PractitionersThis module will explore the changing features of different Early Years furbish uptings, roleplaying with other professional and the skills and the amount of money skills of those workers. It will look at the policies and legislation affecting Early Years Practitioners and the beliefs and values that ensure role pincer dole out. It will also include observations and problems created by working within the current guidelines.Historically homes had no appliances so a womans occupation was chores and shaverc ar, other family members lived local anestheticly and helped. With increasing school leaving get on and new appliances women could fill drop by the waysided time with jobs and increased income meant more appliances. Government indemnity supported women working they had c atomic number 18ers, luxuries became necessities, families dispersed moving to the work and alternative tyke care was sought. This led to more chil dcare requirements providing enatic peace of mind preferably than pedagogics and preparation for life. The quality resultd was diverse and various programmes were introduced through law, insurance and consultation to meet the growing needs of parents and their children.The Children Act 1989 reserved legislation for under-eights, introducing quality standards for all childrens services using a registration and an annual watchfulness ( musical compositions to be made available to parents) system maintained by local authorities. In addition they had to carry out checks on over 18 year olds who came into contact with children, ensure that the premises used were suitable and set staff child ratios. Children had to be helped to get the most from planned activities.The Acts failings were that it did non allow approach shot to at risk children, provided insufficient emergency protection, allowed impertinent interest Orders so that a child could be taken into care unchallenged. I t did allow children and their families to be heard but this was seen a problem removing local Authorities autonomy.The Special Educational Needs Code of Practice (1994) was the first off that defined the roll of the SENCO (Special Educational Needs Co-ordinator) institute for each setting.In 1997 the Labour Government stated in their manifestoPreviously in that respect had been no measurable standards and establishments worked alone. Investment in the National childcare outline (1998) provided more affordable, quality childcare indicates so parents could work satisfied that their children were undecomposed and well looked after. More training was made available and to accommodate free childcare places for three year olds childminders could become accredited. Early Learning Goals replaced preferable Outcomes within the Foundation Stage. received Start Local Programmes were an initiative started in 1997 to give every child the outstrip start to achieved their full potential , initially 250 centres were opened to support parents, in disadvantaged areas, with former(a) education (from line of descent to four), childcare and health. In 2004 Sure Start Local Programmes and Neighbourhood Nurseries became Sure Start Childrens Centres and are straight off accessible to every district. They are now meant to be self-maintained but this has not happened and funding has been cut. They advertise themselves asThe companionable expectation is that parents should return to work and the care given will provide children with the best start possible implying that wrap around childcare is best but ignores possible developmental problems such as not providing limit attachment, although a key worker is provided, the hours that the centres are open means that they work shifts. More importantly they have failed in their original remit as their qualities are recognised by the middle classes.The Laming Report resulted in the putting surface paper, Every Child Matters (ele ctronic countermeasures) (2003), highlighting poor communication and lack of learning sharing between agencies featurely health and education, when protecting children. It focused on five outcomesChildrens Act 2004 provided the legislation enforcing local authorities and central government to meet some requirements of ECM particularly regarding multi-disciplinary working.Public outcry to the anti-smacking clause resulted cellular inclusion of a definition of smacking. The Childrens Commissioner lacked power and this continues to cause concern. One function had to be in overall control Local Authorities were appointed but other agencies felt marginalised. There was valid concern to the highest degree data sharing as there have been several do when data has been made visible on the internet.After consultation ECM The Next Step (2004) stated that aged five children should completed the ground stage so be ready for school narrowing the dislocation in the 20% most disadvantaged. ECM Change for Children covered inclusion for superfluous needs.Although the Childcare Act 2006 states that local authorities have to provide information, advice and help for children up to 20 years, it was also given a responsibleness to provide childcare providers information, advice and training, to ensure sufficient childcare to meet parental demand and be duty bound to improve the ECM outcomes. It unified Birth to Three, the Foundation Stage and National Standards for Under Eights Day Care and Childminding into the Early Years Foundation Stage (EYFS) with the expectation of providing high standards of proto(prenominal) education from birth to five and recognising over fives need different care. Childcare providers in Hampshire work within their authoritys interpretation of the act.EYFS advocated supporting each child in reaching developmental goals, none organism left behind, by focusing on the same five outcomes as ECM. The Statutory framework for the Foundation Stage (M ay 2008) aims toEYFS does not embrace diversity particularly in culture or make allowance for special needs. Experiences should be child led so right for each child but they are still kept with peer groups maybe should be more malleable only allow so far behind then special school The anti-EYFS petition stated that as it is mandatory for all childcare and education to follow the same format removing parental choice. Children can no longer be prepared for school so the problems with transition are addressed in school.Multi-agency consultation is pivotal ECM but practitioners go on to rely upon previous assessments and each practitioner assessed the child within their particular remit, no-one looked at the child as a whole, leading to multiple assessments resulting in wasted money and frustration for all parties this was corrected with Common judgment Framework (CAF) (2007).The current government agree that every child should bring about their potential but feel that the key is pa rental background. They acknowledge that without entire quality childcare this is less likely to be met. They cite thatHowever, when their education ends the economy needs to meet the expectations of these childrenA report commissioned from Leon Feinstein which illustrated that untimely intervention was needed citing information as much as 40 years old ignoring the impact modern practice.They intend funding early learning and childcare for 20,000 most disadvantage two year olds and scat free childcare (EYE). Most of the 5% that do not shortly access EYE come from disadvantaged families Sure Start wellness Visitors remit will be to attract these families.Although the changes in law and polity since 1989 were needed it would have been better if they had been proactive or put into place after consultation with end users (practitioners, parents and children) not just experts and not holdfast problems as they occur. Funding has given choices to the poorest and means all practitioner s have access to training both required and of choice.Policy continues to change Education.gov.uk EYFS is under review to extend tests 5 year olds. As result of a child abuse case part of the Serious Case Review report summary statesIt would be easier to use personal camera memory in a settings phone so more thought is needed to begin with implication.Childcare workers need to have . Additionally they must enjoy being with children, care about them, encourage, listen, stimulate and extend imagination, helping them learn as individuals and watch and record their growth.Many workers bad life experience, repressed not want children to do same and cope with it not end up like me.

Efficiency of Safety Belt Campaigns Analysis

expertness of Safety Belt Campaigns AnalysisThe numbers of deaths have increased immensely in previous years therefore road base hit is a major concern. The RSA constantly try to amplify aw beness of road safety as many drivers ignore new rules of the road. Persuasive communication is utilise through out(a) for all types of advertising and lately is becoming a master(prenominal) method in highlighting the dangers of the road. Persuasive communication is considered to be a communication such(prenominal) as a speech or television advertising that advocates a item side of an issue (Aronson, Wilson and Akert, 2014) and glib-tongued advertisings draw a bead on to persuade individuals to change their outlook on certain issues, such as road safety. Social media websites play a huge role in society today and many of these websites such as Facebook are displaying persuasive advertisements to spread formulate approximately issues more(prenominal) rapidly. The focus of this ingest is about the impact persuasive communication has on road safety and whether put road safety advertisements on loving media websites is a worthwhile ca physical exercise. In this report four trys on persuasive communication are discussed followed by why the RSA should use loving media websites to portray road safety messages.Brijs, Daniels, Brijs and Wets (2011) conducted cardinal sets of studies in fellowship to assess the efficiency of safety flush runnels by inspecting whether universe exposed to the campaign would/would not tinct variables identified by the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) as key elements of behaviour, and to find out whether the way in which musicians would be exposed to the campaign stimulus would affect the campaign stimulus effectiveness (Brijs et al., 2011). It was withal d matchless to swan which of the mingled hypothetical concepts on the use of safety belts would receive most support, i.e., automaticity orgasm (out of habit or as past/rep eated behaviour) or think behaviour approach. Three studies where made up of distinguishable groups of students, aged 18-25, whom were recruited at Hasselt University, twain being experimental groups and cardinal a agree group. The cardinal experimental groups were exposed to the seat belt advertisement in which some(prenominal) motion picture contexts were distinguished from each(prenominal) some distinct(a), i.e., limpid and subliminal exposure (Brijs et al., 2011). distinct exposure signifies that surgical incisionicipants are completely aware of being exposed to a campaign stimulus, i.e., information is processed consciously. For this, the group were asked to view the billboard which was intercommunicate in the lecture room. Subliminal exposure entails participants being unaware of exposure to the stimulus with information being processed pre-attentively (subconscious mode). This group were exposed to the campaign by billboards in their main hall of university . The lead group, however, had no reckon of the campaign. All iii groups past asked filled out a dickens part survey 1 part representing respondent-related background information and the other TPB variables. The results signified that the campaign stimulus used influenced participants evaluation of a series of pregnant determinants of behaviour as well as self-reported behaviour itself (Brijs, et al., 2011). The results alike showed the recorded campaign effect was in the expected direction with higher(prenominal) mean determine for the different variables questioned for participants being exposed to the campaign verses members of the control group (Birjs et al., 2011).A similar take in in regards to seat belt runing was conducted by Tay (2011) in which a sample of drivers supplied their views and awareness of two seatbelt wearing advertisements with dissimilar emotional appeals. This study consisted of 212 drivers, recruited from two separate locations one being a unive rsity to represent the younger population and the blink of an eye a political hack rink as a large percentage of taxi drivers would not wear seatbelts regularly. In the study a questionnaire was first conducted and so two advertisements were shown to the participants and their opinions were recorded and evaluated. The two videos were shown in random order to different participants to reduce any potential order set up one advertisement had a more negative emotional appeal ( idolize) while the other had more a positive emotional appeal (humour) (Tay, 2011). The first advertisement showed a young fe masculine drive force in the pointing on a deserted road the driver sneezed, a ghost in the backseat gave her a tissue causing the driver to brake and the ghost go through the front window. This advertisement utilised mostly humour as an emotional appeal although there might be some attention incorporated as well. More importantly, this video was selected as a humour-establish adver tisement. The second video showed four young adults in a vehicle that was elusive in a collision. In this the unbelted passenger hurled around in the vehicle, killing all occupants and seriously injuring themselves. This advertisement focused on misgiving as an appeal and the advertisement continued with an emergency worker saying, the one without the seatbelt did the damage and and then ended with No Seatbelt, No Excuse (Tay, 2011). To confirm the hypothesis on the dissimilar emotional appeals, participants were asked if they agreed/disagreed that the advertisements they seen were frightening and/or humorous with the use of a 5-point Likert scale. A ten part questionnaire was then through by the participants and several t-tests were then conducted to check this hypothesis. These posterd the sensed severity and likelihood of little terror, the perceived message efficacy, self-efficacy, the perceived cost of threat and benefits of adopting the coping strategy, realism and credi bility of the message and adaptive intentions (Tay, 2011). Results exposed that both advertisements were triumphant in increasing participants intent to wear a safety belt and comply with the safety belt law. In addition results attested to the importance of using established theoretical models when underdeveloped a road safety message (Tay, 2011).Carey and Sarma (2001) conducted a study that explored the effects of viewing death-related facts and graphic, static images of road employment accidents on participants self-reported intentions to comport campaign dangers (Carey and Sarma, 2001). It likewise observed the degree to which personality variables may additionally clear variations in intentional risk taking. The dependent variable was the self-reported intention to take effort risks (Carey and Sarma, 2001). Within this study participants were exposed to mortality salient or neutral facts. The aim of this was to examine threat based advertisements or fear appeals to stim ulate prevention of dangerous driving on young male drivers. This study consisted of eighty males, between 17 and 24 whom all feature full licences. Forty of whom were randomly allocated to mortality salient condition and the other forty to the control. Participants were asked to complete two self-report scales, an experiment, two word based activities and an IVE questionnaire. afterwards the first self-report scale participants in the experimental condition (mortality salient) were asked to read vanadium facts about driving which were accompanied by three images of road traffic accidents supplied by the RSA, relating to mortality-related risks of driving, which were followed by the warning dangerous driving kills and participants in the control condition were asked to read five neutral facts about driving unrelated to risks, crashes or deaths (Carey and Sarma, 2001). Then participants took part in the word-based activities one of which was a word search which had neutral words u nrelated to death and the other consisted of 22 words, eight of which could either be related/unrelated to death and was done to assess death-thought accessibility. An IVE questionnaire was then filled out by participants this was used to measure certain variables. A second self-report scale was carried out to measure participants risky driving interventions in which they were asked to read ten scenarios, each had a situation where one may take a particular driving risk (Carey and Sarma, 2001). Participants were asked to give a percentage answer on how likely they would be to take the risk in each scenario. Results of this study publicized that participants in the mortality salient condition completed more word fragments to make death-related words than those in the control condition and also revealed that impulsiveness correlated significantly with intention to take driving risks (Carey and Sarma, 2001).A Sibley and Harr (2009) experiment investigated the impact that various road safety adverts had on young drivers explicit and implicit self-enhancement biases in driving ability and caution. Self-enhancement is the belief by drivers themselves that they are superior to other drivers in relation to ability and caution. Self-enhancement biases in both of these domains predict crash risk optimism (Harr, Foster, ONeill, 2005 Harr Sibley, 2007). This study consisted of three conditions one with negatively frame in advertisements, another with positively framed advertisements and the last being a control, each involving fifty dollar bill randomly assigned participants (one hundred and fifty in total). These groups were unaware there were different conditions and were told they would be participating in two tasks, which were presented to them as unrelated studies (Sibley Harr, 2009). Firstly the groups were shown a series of advertisements and were then told to rate them according to certain variables. This was primarily to convince participants that viewing t he advertisements was unrelated to the self-enhancement task that followed (Sibley Harr, 2009). Participants viewed three adverts that showed people that were seriously injured/killed during jollify driving accidents in the negative framing condition. In the positive framing condition, participants watched three adverts that showed people choosing to take precautions when it came to drink driving, such as assigning a designated drink driver who wouldnt drink and drive home or opt to getting a taxi. The controlled group watched advertisements that were entirely unrelated to drink driving which involved advertisements on mental illnesses. All groups then took part in what they believed was an unrelated task, in which they completed a series of computerized reaction-time based tasks known as IATs in order to assess implicit driving self-concept with each IAT consisted of seven blocks (Sibley Harr, 2009). Results indicated that those who took part in the positive framed condition dis played a weaker explicit self-enhancement in comparison to those in the negative framed and controlled groups. Although exposure to positively framed advertisements significantly reduced self-enhancement biases in driving ability, it is important to note that participants in this condition still considered themselves better-than-average drivers, just notas furthest aboveaverage as drivers exposed to the control and negative framing condition (Sibley Harr, 2009). However, this study does not indicate if a change in self-enhancement biases would result in a change in behaviour.In experiments it is full of life to recognize strengths, weaknesses or limitations. Having a control, for instance, would be a major strength to have as it keeps balance and gives the experimenter something to compare results against thus leading to a more ample variety of methods. In the experiments above there have also been limitations, such as in the first experiment, in terms of effect size, values obt ained suggested that differences between exposed and unexposed participants were small and in several cases not even statistically significant (Brijs et al., 2011). Also in the last experiment by Sibley and Harr (2009) it was found that men and women were both equally influenced by exposure to different types of driving advertisement.It is clear from the experiments above that persuasive communication plays a vital role in road safety advertisements and is very effective. However, in order to increase this effectiveness the RSA should consider displaying advertisements on social media sites. Social media has emerged from the cyberspaces development which allows for sharing, linking, collaborating, and inclusion of production and distribution of particular substance (Banks, Tay Mason, 2011). Social media has the possibility to control the power of viral marketing and is also more cost effective than traditional media in attaining audiences. Rajagopalan and Subramani (2003) found t hat viral marketing is a powerful means for both marketers and recipients to benefit from the inseparable helpfulness of individuals in social networks and such technologies are being tackle by social marketers using the internet for promotional activities and engaging users in creative processes (Rajagopalan Subramani, 2003). According to Nielson (2012) there is a digital community of 20.4 one million million million users 93% of them accessing the internet daily (Nielsen, 2012), thus it is no wonder that social marketers have addressed the need for social media in their marketing campaigns (Banks, Tay and Mason, 2011). Murray and Lewis (2011) showed how social media helped public health and injury prevention increase dramatically repayable to the use of social media sites and therefore suggest that social media could play an important role in road safety advertising and may be an important mode of delivering road safety communications to high risk road users, especially that of a younger age (Murray Lewis, 2011). Thus the use of social media sites could be an effective tool in the next times of road safety advertisements campaigns.

Comparing the Train in The South and One Hundred Years of Solitude :: comparison compare contrast essays

In One Hundred Years of loneliness by Gabriel Garca Mrquez and The reciprocal ohm by Jorge Luis Borges, many identical devices ar wontd by the authors. Their presentations and their uses are sometimes similar and at times dissimilar. There is one device that is used by some(prenominal) authors that is one of the most prominent devices in both works--the train. The presentation and use of the train in both texts is different, but in both it is a method of transportation and an evil entity that is an active symbol of change. Juan Dahlmann, the protagonist in Borges The South, cuts his forehead on the edge of a recently multi-colored door and is poisoned. He is taken to a sanitarium where he makes a gradual recovery. After his release, Dahlmann takes a train to his ranch in the South for further recuperation. In One Hundred Years of Solitude, the train is brought in by Aureliano Triste, a son of Colonel Aureliano Buenda, when his ice business outgrows the local market. With t he culmination of the train, Macondo experiences verily linked to the outside world. The train in The South is presented as a sleek, mystical, and evil entity. Before Dahlmann leaves for his ranch, he visits a caf where there is a black roam, sleeping. It is almost as if it is lying in waiting for something. The cat is described as the magical animal(1). Immediately following is a description of the train, which is described as being lying waiting. A company between the mystical animal and the mechanical train has been established. The train has become a mystical beast. It begins to move when Dahlmann gets on, it stops to let him off, it takes him where it feels. The beast decides Dahlmanns fate. Cats are often seen as beasts of evil omen. The linking of cat and train brings an evil grammatical construction to the train. In One Hundred Years of Solitude, the train is presented as concrete and real, but terrifying and with a malevolent, living connection the snake. There is no mystical imagery and sleekness surrounding it. Instead, its plain and simple, just the flower-bedecked train.(2) The root Macondian to see it describes it as something frightful, like a kitchen dragging a colony behind it.(3) The train has a whistle with a fearful peal and a loud, panting toom-toom(4) The train is very much like a snake, a symbol of evil.

Asymmetric Epoxidation Of Dihydronaphthalene With A Synthesized Jacobs :: essays research papers

Asymmetric Epoxidation of Dihydronaphthalene with a Synthesized Jacobsens accelerator pedalAbstract. 1,2 diaminocyclohexane was reacted with L-(+)-tartaric cutting to yield(R,R)-1,2-diaminocyclohexane mono-(+)-tartrate salt. The tartrate salt was soreacted with grand carbonate and 3,5-di-tert-butylsalicylaldehyde to yield(R,R)-N,N-Bis(3,5-di-tert-butylsalicylidene)-1,2-cyclohexanediamine, which wasthen reacted with Mn(OAc)2*4H2O and LiCl to form Jacobsens accelerator pedal. Thesynthesized Jacobsens catalyst was used to catalyze the epoxidation ofdihydronaphthalene. The products of this reaction were isolated, and it wasfound that the product yielded 1,2-epoxydihydronaphthalene as well asnaphthalene.IntroductionIn 1990, professor E.N. Jacobsen report that chiral manganesecomplexes had the ability to catalyze the asymmetric epoxidation ofunfunctionalized alkenes, providing enantiomeric excesses that regularlyreaching 90% and sometimes exceeding 98% . The chiral manganese complexJ acobsen utilized was (R,R)-N,N-Bis(3,5-di-tert-butylsalicylidene)-1,2-cyclohexanediaminato-(2-)-manganese (III) chloride (Jacobsens Catalyst).(R,R) Jacobsens Catalyst Jacobsens catalyst opens up short pathways toenantiomerically pure pharmacological and industrial products via thesynthetically versatile epoxy function .In this paper, a synthesis of Jacobsens catalyst is performed (Scheme1). The synthesized catalyst is then reacted with an unfunctional alkene(dihydronaphthalene) to form an epoxide that is highly enantiomerically enriched,as well as an oxidized byproduct.Jacobsens work is important because it presents both a reagent and amethod to selectively guide an enantiomeric catalytic reaction of industrialand pharmacological importance. Very few reagents, let alone methods, are cognize to be able to perform such a function, which indicates the truly innovative importance of Jacobsens work.Experimental SectionGeneral Protocol. 99% L-(+)- Tartaric Acid, ethanol,dihydronaphthalene and fixed acetic acid were obtained from the AldrichChemical Company. 1,2 diaminocyclohexane (98% mix of cis/trans isomers) andheptane were obtained from the Acros Chemical Company. Dichloromethane andpotassium carbonate were obtained from the EM Science division of EM Industries,Inc. Manganese ethanoate was obtained from the Matheson, Coleman and BellManufacturing Chemists. Lithium chloride was obtained form the JT BakerChemical Co. Refluxes were carried out utilise a deoxycytidine monophosphate V heating mantle (Glas-ColApparatus Co. 100 mL, 90 V) and 130 V Variac (General Radio Company). Vacuumfiltrations were performed using a Cole Parmer Instrument Co. Model 7049-00aspirator pump with a Bchner funnel. For lithesome Layer Chromatography (TLC)analysis, precoated Kodak chromatogram sheets (silica gel 13181 withfluorescent indicator) were used in an ethyl ethanoate/hexane (14) eluent.TLCs were visualized using a UVP Inc. Model UVG-11 Mineralight Lamp (Short-waveUV-254 nm, 15 V , 60 Hz, 0.16 A). mass were taken on a Mettler AE 100. Rotaryevaporations were performed on a Bchi Rotovapor-R. Melting points weredetermined using a Mel-Temp (Laboratory Devices, USA) equipped with a Fluke 51digital thermometer (John Fluke Manufacturing Company, Inc.). Optical rotations(aD) were measured on a Dr. Steeg and Renter 6mbH, Engel/VTG 10 polarimeter.

Sexual Assault and Child Abuse Essay -- Compare Contrast

There atomic number 18 many a(prenominal) different types of victims we have discussed over the course of this class, but were completely going to talk nigh both types in the following paper. These two types of victims are common just as any another victim across America. These include sex assault victims and pip-squeak clapperclaw victims, which are both primary victims in cases. The two share a standoff together, both are a victim of abuse and can execute lifelong consequences, but they also pose many differences as well. numerous questions arise when talking about victims, for example why is a nestling or adult being abused and what are the life fastening affects to these actions. Throughout this paper we discuss both versed assault victims and child abuse victims and compare and contrast between the two.Well start with child abuse victims and the affects and reasons of this abuse. There are four types of child abuse and I will list them in order from least to greatest, neglect, physical, sexual and emotional abuse. drop down takes first of all with the NCVS having 54% reports of child neglect in 2007. Neglect is a very serious form of abuse it is the failure for a heighten or guardian to provide for a childs elemental needs, including physical and educational needs. We grow and development drastically in the first twelve years of our life so when parental guidance and fare is absent it affects a childs developmental skills along with scholarship right from wrong. Many forms of neglect occur in larger households and with households with national violence. Many parents with multiple kids become too busy focusing on the older children they tend to forget the youngest one. So its common for a three year old to walk out of the front verge and on to the street when no one is there to tell him or... ...formation about Domestic Violence and Services http//www.domesticviolenceservices.com/rape.htmlKarmen, A. (2013). Crime Victims An Intr oduction to Victimology. Belmont, CA Wadsworth/Thompson Learning.Kilpatrick, D. G. (2000). The psychical Health Impact of Rape. Retrieved from National Violenc Against Women Prevention Research Center http//www.musc.edu/vawprevention/ explore/mentalimpact.shtmlRainn. (2009). Effects of Sexual Assault. Retrieved from Rape, Abuse and Incest National Netwrok http//www.rainn.org/get-information/effects-of-sexual-assaultShannon. (2007). Was it my fault? Self-Blame and Survivors. Retrieved from Pandoras Project http//www.pandys.org/articles/selfblameandsurvivors.pdfRAINN.org. (2009). Types of sexual violence. Retrieved from http//www.rainn.org/get-information/types-of-sexual-assault.